@ARTICLE{NGC:98,
  title = {Programming Languages for Distributed Applications},
  year = {1998},
  author = {Seif Haridi and Peter Van Roy and Per Brand and Christian Schulte},
  abstract = {Much progress has been made in distributed computing in the areas of distribution structure,
 open computing, fault tolerance, and
 security. Yet, writing distributed applications
 remains difficult because the programmer has to
 manage models of these areas explicitly. A major
 challenge is to integrate the four models into a
 coherent development platform. Such a platform
 should make it possible to cleanly separate an
 application's functionality from the other four
 concerns.  Concurrent constraint programming, an
 evolution of concurrent logic programming, has
 both the expressiveness and the formal foundation
 needed to attempt this integration. As a first
 step, we have designed and built a platform that
 separates an application's functionality from its
 distribution structure. We have prototyped
 several collaborative tools with this platform,
 including a shared graphic editor whose design is
 presented in detail. The platform efficiently
 implements Distributed Oz, which extends the Oz
 language with constructs to express the
 distribution structure and with basic primitives
 for open computing, failure detection and
 handling, and resource control. Oz appears to the
 programmer as a concurrent object-oriented
 language with dataflow synchronization. Oz is
 based on a higher-order, state-aware, concurrent
 constraint computation model.},
  volume = 16,
  journal = {New Generation Computing},
  number = 3,
  pages = {223--261},
  address = {Tokyo, Japan},
  publisher = {Omsha, Ltd. and Springer-Verlag},
  sline = {3726},
  project-key = {C1},
  label = {ngc98}
}