Library Lvw
Inductive term : Type :=
| var (n : nat) : term
| app (s : term) (t : term) : term
| lam (s : term).
Coercion app : term >-> Funclass.
Coercion var : nat >-> term.
Notation "'#' v" := (var v) (at level 1).
Notation "(λ s )" := (lam s) (right associativity, at level 0).
Instance term_eq_dec : eq_dec term.
Proof.
intros s t; unfold dec; repeat decide equality.
Defined.
Definition term_eq_dec_proc s t := if decision (s = t) then true else false.
Hint Resolve term_eq_dec.
Require Import String.
Inductive bterm : Type :=
| bvar (x : string) : bterm
| bapp (s t : bterm) : bterm
| blam (x : string) (s : bterm) : bterm
| bter (s : term) : bterm.
Open Scope string_scope.
Instance eq_dec_string : eq_dec string.
Proof.
eapply string_dec.
Defined.
Fixpoint convert' (F : list string) (s : bterm) : term := match s with
| bvar x => match pos x F with None => #100 | Some t => # t end
| bapp s t => app (convert' F s) (convert' F t)
| blam x s => lam (convert' (x:: F) s)
| bter t => t
end.
Coercion bvar : string >-> bterm.
Coercion bapp : bterm >-> Funclass.
Definition convert := convert' [].
Coercion convert : bterm >-> term.
Notation ".\ x , .. , y ; t" := ((blam x .. (blam y t) .. )) (at level 100, right associativity).
Notation "'λ' x , .. , y ; t" := ((blam x .. (blam y t) .. )) (at level 100, right associativity).
Notation "'!' s" := (bter s) (at level 0).
Definition R := (lam (lam (#0 (lam (#2 #2 #1 #0)))))
(lam (lam (#0 (lam (#2 #2 #1 #0))))).
Definition I : term := .\"x"; "x".
Definition K : term := .\"x","y"; "x".
Definition omega : term := .\"x"; "x" "x".
Definition Omega : term := omega omega.
Hint Unfold R I K Omega : cbv.
Fixpoint subst (s : term) (k : nat) (u : term) :=
match s with
| var n => if decision (n = k) then u else (var n)
| app s t => app (subst s k u) (subst t k u)
| lam s => lam (subst s (S k) u)
end.
Hint Unfold subst : cbv.
Definition closed s := forall n u, subst s n u = s.
Definition lambda s := exists t, s = lam t.
Definition proc s := closed s /\ lambda s.
Lemma lambda_lam s : lambda (lam s).
Proof.
exists s; reflexivity.
Qed.
Hint Unfold closed lambda proc.
Hint Resolve lambda_lam.
Inductive dclosed : nat -> term -> Prop :=
| dclvar k n : k > n -> dclosed k (var n)
| dclApp k s t : dclosed k s -> dclosed k t -> dclosed k (s t)
| dcllam k s : dclosed (S k) s -> dclosed k (lam s).
Lemma dclosed_closed_k s k u : dclosed k s -> subst s k u = s.
Proof with eauto.
intros H; revert u; induction H; intros u; simpl.
- decide (n = k)... omega.
- rewrite IHdclosed1, IHdclosed2...
- f_equal...
Qed.
Lemma dclosed_gt k s : dclosed k s -> forall m, m > k -> dclosed m s.
Proof.
induction 1; intros m Hmk; econstructor; eauto.
- omega.
- eapply IHdclosed. omega.
Qed.
Lemma dclosed_closed s k u : dclosed 0 s -> subst s k u = s.
Proof.
intros H. destruct k.
- eapply dclosed_closed_k. eassumption.
- eapply dclosed_gt in H. eapply dclosed_closed_k. eassumption. omega.
Qed.
Lemma closed_k_dclosed k s : (forall n u, n >= k -> subst s n u = s) -> dclosed k s.
Proof.
revert k. induction s; intros k H.
- econstructor. specialize (H n (#(S n))). simpl in H.
decide (n >= k) as [Heq | Heq].
+ decide (n = n) ; [injection (H Heq)|]; omega.
+ omega.
- econstructor; [eapply IHs1 | eapply IHs2]; intros n u Hnk;
injection (H n u Hnk); congruence.
- econstructor. eapply IHs. intros n u Hnk.
destruct n. omega.
injection (H n u). tauto. omega.
Qed.
Lemma closed_dcl s : closed s <-> dclosed 0 s.
Proof.
split; eauto using closed_k_dclosed, dclosed_closed.
Qed.
Lemma closed_app (s t : term) : closed (s t) -> closed s /\ closed t.
Proof.
intros cls. rewrite closed_dcl in cls. inv cls. split; rewrite closed_dcl; eassumption.
Qed.
Lemma dec_dclosed k s : dec (dclosed k s).
Proof with try ((left; econstructor; try omega; tauto) || (right; inversion 1; try omega; tauto)).
revert k; induction s; intros k.
- destruct (le_lt_dec n k) as [Hl | Hl]... destruct (le_lt_eq_dec _ _ Hl)...
- destruct (IHs1 k), (IHs2 k)...
- induction k.
+ destruct (IHs 1)...
+ destruct (IHs (S (S k)))...
Qed.
Reserved Notation "s '>>' t" (at level 50).
Inductive step : term -> term -> Prop :=
| stepApp s t : app (lam s) (lam t) >> subst s 0 (lam t)
| stepAppR s t t' : t >> t' -> app s t >> app s t'
| stepAppL s s' t : s >> s' -> app s t >> app s' t
where "s '>>' t" := (step s t).
Hint Constructors step.
Ltac inv_step :=
match goal with
| H : step (lam _) _ |- _ => inv H
| H : step (var _) _ |- _ => inv H
| H : star step (lam _) _ |- _ => inv H
| H : star step (var _) _ |- _ => inv H
end.
Lemma closed_subst s t k : dclosed (S k) s -> dclosed k t -> dclosed k (subst s k t).
Proof.
revert k t; induction s; intros k t cls_s cls_t; simpl; inv cls_s; eauto 6 using dclosed, dclosed_gt.
decide (n = k); eauto. econstructor. omega.
Qed.
Lemma closed_step s t : s >> t -> closed s -> closed t.
Proof.
rewrite !closed_dcl; induction 1; intros cls_s; inv cls_s; eauto using dclosed.
inv H2. eauto using closed_subst.
Qed.
Lemma comb_proc_red s : closed s -> proc s \/ exists t, s >> t.
Proof with try tauto.
intros cls_s. induction s.
- eapply closed_dcl in cls_s. inv cls_s. omega.
- eapply closed_app in cls_s. destruct IHs1 as [[C [t A]] | A], IHs2 as [[D [t' B]] | B]...
+ right. subst. eexists. eauto.
+ right; subst. firstorder; eexists. eapply stepAppR. eassumption.
+ right; subst. firstorder; eexists. eapply stepAppL. eassumption.
+ right. subst. firstorder. eexists. eapply stepAppR. eassumption.
- left. split. eassumption. firstorder.
Qed.
Goal forall s, closed s -> ((~ exists t, s >> t) <-> proc s).
Proof.
intros s cls_s. split.
destruct (comb_proc_red cls_s).
- eauto.
- tauto.
- destruct 1 as [? [? ?]]. subst. destruct 1 as [? B]. inv B.
Qed.
Theorem uniform_confluence : uniform_confluent step.
Proof with repeat inv_step; eauto using step.
intros s; induction s; intros t1 t2 step_s_t1 step_s_t2; try now inv step_s_t2.
inv step_s_t1.
- inv step_s_t2; try eauto; inv_step.
- inv step_s_t2...
+ destruct (IHs2 _ _ H2 H3).
* left. congruence.
* right. destruct H as [u [A B]]...
+ right...
- inv step_s_t2...
+ right...
+ destruct (IHs1 _ _ H2 H3).
* left. congruence.
* right. destruct H as [u [A B]]...
Qed.
Notation "x '>^' n y" := (pow step n x y) (at level 50).
Lemma confluence : confluent step.
Proof.
intros x y z x_to_y x_to_z.
eapply star_pow in x_to_y. destruct x_to_y as [n x_to_y].
eapply star_pow in x_to_z. destruct x_to_z as [m x_to_z].
destruct (parametrized_confluence uniform_confluence x_to_y x_to_z) as
[k [l [u [_ [_ [C [D _]]]]]]].
exists u. split; eapply star_pow; eexists; eassumption.
Qed.
Lemma step_value s v :
lambda v -> (lam s) v >> subst s 0 v.
Proof.
intros [t lamv].
rewrite lamv.
repeat econstructor.
Qed.
Notation "s '>*' t" := (star step s t) (at level 50).
Instance star_PreOrder : PreOrder (star step).
Proof.
constructor; hnf.
- eapply starR.
- eapply star_trans.
Qed.
Lemma star_trans_l s s' t :
s >* s' -> s t >* s' t.
Proof.
induction 1; eauto using star, step.
Qed.
Lemma star_trans_r s s' t :
s >* s' -> (lam t) s >* (lam t) s'.
Proof.
induction 1; eauto using star, step.
Qed.
Reserved Notation "s '==' t" (at level 50).
Inductive equiv : term -> term -> Prop :=
| eqStep s t : step s t -> s == t
| eqRef s : s == s
| eqSym s t : t == s -> s == t
| eqTrans s t u: s == t -> t == u -> s == u
where "s '==' t" := (equiv s t).
Hint Constructors step.
Instance equiv_Equivalence : Equivalence equiv.
Proof.
constructor; hnf.
- apply eqRef.
- intros. eapply eqSym. eassumption.
- apply eqTrans.
Qed.
Lemma equiv_ecl s t : s == t <-> ecl step s t.
Proof with eauto using ecl, equiv.
split; induction 1...
- eapply ecl_sym...
- eapply ecl_trans...
Qed.
Lemma church_rosser s t : s == t -> exists u, s >* u /\ t >* u.
Proof.
rewrite equiv_ecl. eapply confluent_CR, confluence.
Qed.
Lemma star_equiv s t :
s >* t -> s == t.
Proof.
induction 1.
- reflexivity.
- eapply eqTrans. econstructor; eassumption. eassumption.
Qed.
Hint Resolve star_equiv.
Lemma equiv_lambda s t : s == (lam t) -> s >* (lam t).
Proof.
intros H. destruct (church_rosser H) as [u [A B]]; repeat inv_step; eassumption.
Qed.
Lemma equiv_lambda' u t : lambda t -> u == t -> u >* t.
Proof.
intros. destruct H; subst. eauto using equiv_lambda.
Qed.
Lemma eqStarT s t u : s >* t -> t == u -> s == u.
Proof.
eauto using equiv.
Qed.
Lemma eqApp s s' u u' : s == s' -> u == u' -> s u == s' u'.
Proof with eauto using equiv, step.
intros H; revert u u'; induction H; intros z z' H'...
- eapply eqTrans. eapply eqStep. eapply stepAppL. eassumption.
induction H'...
- induction H'...
Qed.
Instance equiv_app_proper :
Proper (equiv ==> equiv ==> equiv) app.
Proof.
cbv. intros s s' A t t' B.
eapply eqApp; eassumption.
Qed.
Definition converges s := exists t, s == lam t.
Lemma converges_equiv s t : s == t -> (converges s <-> converges t).
Proof.
intros H; split; intros [u A]; exists u; rewrite <- A.
- symmetry. eassumption.
- eassumption.
Qed.
Instance converges_proper :
Proper (equiv ==> iff) converges.
Proof.
intros s t H. now eapply converges_equiv.
Qed.
Lemma eq_lam s t : lam s == lam t <-> s = t.
Proof.
split.
- intros H. eapply equiv_lambda in H; repeat inv_step; reflexivity.
- intros []. reflexivity.
Qed.
Lemma unique_normal_forms (s t t' : term) : s == lam t -> s == lam t' -> lam t = lam t'.
Proof.
intros Ht Ht'. rewrite Ht in Ht'. eapply eq_lam in Ht'. congruence.
Qed.
Lemma Eta (s : term ) t : closed s -> lambda t -> (lam (s #0)) t == s t.
Proof.
intros cls_s lam_t. eapply star_equiv, starC; eauto using step_value. simpl. now rewrite cls_s.
Qed.
Lemma pow_trans_lam t v s k n :
pow step n t (lam v) -> pow step (S k) t s -> exists m, m < n /\ pow step m s (lam v).
Proof.
intros A B.
destruct (parametrized_confluence uniform_confluence A B)
as [m [l [u [m_le_Sk [l_le_n [C [D E]]]]]]].
exists l.
cut (m = 0); intros; subst.
assert (E' : n = S(k+l)) by omega. subst n.
split. omega. destruct C. eassumption.
destruct m; eauto. destruct C. destruct H. inv H.
Qed.
Lemma powSk t t' s : t >> t' -> t' >* s -> exists k, pow step (S k) t s.
Proof.
intros A B.
eapply star_pow in B. destruct B as [n B]. exists n.
unfold pow. simpl. econstructor. unfold pow in B. split; eassumption.
Qed.